Coastal Management

Attrition: a wearing down or weakening of resistance, especially as a result of continuous pressure or harassment 
Abrasion: a scraped spot or area; the result of rubbing or abrading  
The main geographical process relevant to Coastal Management would be Hydraulic action is a form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rock face. It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back. As the wave retreats, the highly pressurized air is suddenly released with explosive force, capable of chipping away the rock face over time. This causes a large amount of stress and can destroy coastal areas.

Y10: Defense Set to Give US More Military Access

1. Give US forces greater access to Australian military bases. Shared facilities are expected to include HMAS Stirling naval base in Western Australia, an army base in Townsville as the primary location for operations, the port of Darwin and the Bradshaw Field Training Area in the Northern Territory.
2.AUSMIN summit
3. The country that US is specifically reacting to is the increase in miltary power from CHINA.
4.  They will result in a significant escalation of military co-operation, including more visits by US ships, aircraft and troops, and their forces exercising here regularly.
5.  Other key areas for discussion at the talks will be cyber security, progress in Afghanistan and the state of the Joint Strike Fighter project. Australia plans to buy up to 100 of the revolutionary multi-role jets to replace the RAAF's F-111 bombers, retired last year, and its F/A-18 Hornets.
6.  What does this agreement mean for Australia's future in the Regional and Global context?
this would mean that Australia would always be protected from any threat in the pacific because the US will always be close to help protect the Australian borders.

Go Back to Where You Came From Reflection

1. My initial reaction to the show, "Go Back to Where You Came From Reflection" was that the show had chosen a very particular company of people, ranging from racists to complete left wing supporters. This giving the show a competitive aspect as the people who were chosen to show would be at a constant disagreement. This creates "good television", but also has a large informative aspect to it to. It not only broadens people's minds to the higher moral standing on this issue but it spreads reliable and current information and personal perspectives to the Australian society.


2. 1.5%


3. Because generally, the Australian media disagree with immigrants coming as boat people and refugees. so based on this association the issue elevates due to the negativity portrayed towards it.  


4. 18th.


5. Because we are have so much available to us as a society, all people should have equal rights and that we can help people who are less fortunate than we are. 


6. They have the same amount of support as Australian's do.


7. 11


8. As there is a large amount of refugees Malaysia, this means that the refugees in Malaysia are not protected therefore don't like being in Malaysia.

ASEAN members start moves to harmonize policies

1. What is the goal of this ASEAN meeting? The annual ASEAN meetings have been held to improve and harmonize trade and investment policies as the bloc pursues an integrated regional economy by 2015
2. What is ERIA? What do they intend to do? The Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, and they keep the region on track so to speak  
3. What is AEC? What do they intend to do? ASEAN Economic Community, Help countries identify commitments that will deliver the best results toward integration 
4. What are the three key areas of focus? Transport, services, investment facilitation
5. How often does this group plan to meet? Once a year
6. What do they intend to keep in their "knowledge bank"? Possible tools members can use to pursue effective reforms and also a data bank of all regulatory reforms ASEAN members have made.
7. Who was the chairman of the meeting? What is his title? What is the population and GDP of his country? How does it compare to Australia? Dato Lim Jock Hoi, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Brunei, POPULATION: 399,687, $49,391 current US$, AUS: 22,669,437, $42,279 current US$
8. What do you think that economic integration means? The extent to which a person is able to obtain and disburse income as it relates to life in the community 
9. Do you think that this is good or bad for Australia? 

Military-US/Australian Alliance

1. MR Steven Smith is the Defence Minister for Australia, He has been an Australian Labour Party member of the Australian House of Representatives since March 1993, representing the Division of Perth, Western Australia. Smith was born in Narrogin, Western Australia, and was educated at the University of Western Australia and the University of London, where he gained a master's degree in law. 
2. The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, D.C., in the United States. One of Washington's oldest think tanks, Brookings conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development
3. Australia's strategic value to the US was changing, Smith stated that Australia saw greater US focus on the Asia-Pacific as the demands of current operations reduced and the US strategic priority returned to the region. "For almost 50 years, through the joint defence facilities in Australia, we have made a significant contribution to US national security by hosting or supporting some of the US's most sensitive and critical strategic capabilities,".  
4. Asian Pacific Region, that the relationship between Australia, China and America are maintained as emergence for the three of these countries is very important for the future. 
5. Made a significant contribution to US national security by hosting or supporting some of the US's most sensitive and critical strategic capabilities. Support in military conflicts. 
6. The minister stated that there are 9000 Australian companies doing business in the US. "They pay an average wage of $US70,000 ($63,490) per employee per annum and include your largest shopping-centre owner and two of your largest 20 banks"
7. To get across the point that Australia adds value, and that Australia values-add from the advantage point of respect and not dependency. Starts an economic and trade based relationship on top of a military alliance.   
8. China 
9. Australia wants China to emerge into a 'harmonious environment'. Strong military bond, to form an alliance. 
10. Australia had committed to developing strong and positive military and defence relations with China through dialogue and practical activities.


Second article:
1. planning on locating a military base in Western Australia, at Woomera, American influence both militarily and throughout the economy. 

Immigration

1. A person whose application for asylum in or recognition as a refugee by a country of which he or she is not a citizen is pending, and who claims to fear persecution if returned home.
2. Due to the fear of being persecuted because of their:

• race
• religion
• nationality
• membership of a particular social group
• political opinion.

The term ‘asylum seekers’ refers to all people who apply for refugee protection, whether or not they are officially determined to be refugees.

3. Some asylum seekers spend long periods of time in immigration detention waiting for their refugee claim to be assessed; waiting for the completion of health, identity and security checks; or awaiting removal from Australia if their refugee claim has been unsuccessful.

4. Afghanistan, Iraq, Myanmar, Sudan, and the Palestinian Territories.

1. An asylum seeker swap deal between Australia and Malaysia, Australia will send 800 asylum seekers in exchange for 4000 genuine refugees.    

2. That they will be treated with dignity and respect and have Human Rights protected and also Australia will be coving all the costs for health and education for the refugees.have employment opportunities and be allowed to join the community for a short time to have health and identity checks. 

3. In Malaysia they are routinely rounded up and put into detention centres on work sites and would sometimes be caned and be open to physical abuse. 

4. Yes children will be sent

5. That the 567 asylum seekers who have arrived in the 11 weeks since this deal has been put into place will now be processed in Australia, the government had said that they would not be processed in Australia but has now had to accept that it will. 

6. that there is no way that the government right safe guards for the asylum seekers and that there could be a possible court challenge to all this.

7. for boat arrivals to slow down and halt.

8. As Scott Morrison said, Gillard is unable to guarantee the safe and well being of the asylum seekers as she isn't even able to protect her own people. I don't believe that this will work because there simply isn't the right amount of facts to support the issue. Unless Australia send Human Rights activists into Malaysia to ensure that the well being of those who are sent there are intact. 

Australia maybe nuclear target: Kevin Rudd

1. He's the foreign Minister of the Australian Government. A Minister of Foreign Affairs, or foreign minister, is a cabinet minister who helps form the foreign policy of a sovereign state. The foreign minister is often regarded as the most senior ministerial position below that of the head of government (prime minister or president). It is often granted to the deputy prime minister in coalition governments. A foreign minister's powers can vary from government to government. In a classic parliamentary system, a foreign minister can potentially exert significant influence in forming foreign policy but when the government is dominated by a strong prime minister the foreign minister may be limited to playing a more marginal or subsidiary role in determining policy.


2. That North Korea's nuclear weapons and missile programs are a direct threat to Australia.


3. ASEAN Regional Forum


4. having torpedoed a South Korean naval frigate, shelled civilians’ homes across the border and defied two UN 
Security Council resolutions by pursuing an enriched uranium weapons program.


5. “If it’s a long-range missile which is developed over time ... then of course it represents a threat to Australia.” The threat of being bombed by long range missiles.


6. To make the issue public and to let others know of that threat, so it would be unlikely for North Korea to engage Australia with nuclear warfare. Australia's involvement in that region has been against the North Koreans, for example the Korean War, where Australian troops engaged the Northern forces, fighting along side the South Korean's.


7.  Because since Australia is closely allied with America and America doesnt have the best relationship towards the North Koreans so naturally by siding with the Americans, Australia has now also become a target to the North Koreans.

Year 10: Australian Aid

1. Summary of the Article:

• The article exclaims that the poverty ridden countries do need financial help, but the money that is being produced by charities all around the world isn't being put to good use. 
• That only a small sum of that money is being used to increase the well being of poverty stricken people. 
• "There is a strange alchemy to economic growth. It requires a remarkable confluence of factors - social, political and technological" This extraction shows what people need to move from farming lifestyles to paying jobs. The money that is going to these countries isn't going towards these three factors and that its going into governments pocket. 
  
• Within the article it is becoming clear that aid in any form (capital, technology, roads, schools, armies of technical advisers) does not make much difference. The alchemy of growth depends above all on social and political circumstances and institutions. What works in any particular place or time depends on myriad local factors. It has to be home-grown, not engineered from outside. Another aspect for reasoning to why the money is going to waste as it isn't being used properly. 

2.  Australia's involvement
Australia is giving more aid because the government is being pressure by the Australian people and also allied countries are pushing money and effort into those 3rd world countries.  meaning that Australia will follow this and  try to out weigh the other countries efforts in its striving to look like a better country. Benefits of this would be the image of Australia, that having enough money to just throw away and still be a top country. relations with allied countries and also the poverty struct countries could become stronger. 
Negative aspects could be that Australia is throwing money away unnecessarily, when it could be putting money back into Australia's well being as it isn't perfect and needs that money to improve the lives of it's homeless and poverty struck people. 

Mapping and weather questions:

1. What is it about the pressure system stalled over Australia that relates to the weather over the next 4 days? The Pressure System over Australia at the moment suggests that the weather will be fine for the next few days. This is because a high pressure system is currently circulating over the country. A high pressure system generates calm and stable weather hence why the forecast is to be sunny for the next few days. 

2. What is the air pressure in each of the next 4 days for each of the capital cities? How does this correspond with the predicted weather for these cities?
THURSDAY:

Sydney: 1016 Mostly Sunny 
Melbourne: 1024 Mostly Sunny 
Adelaide: 1030 Sunny 
Darwin: 1012 Cloudy 
Perth: 1024 Sunny 
Brisbane: 1016 Partly Cloudy 


FRIDAY:

Sydney:  1020 Sunny
Melbourne: 1026 Sunny 
Adelaide: 1030 Sunny
Darwin: 1017 Partly Cloudy 
Perth: 1024 Sunny 
Brisbane: 1016 Partly Cloudy

SATURDAY:
  
Sydney: 1020 Sunny
Melbourne: 1025 Sunny
Adelaide: 1025 Sunny
Darwin: 1008 Sunny 
Perth: 1024 Sunny
Brisbane: 1020 Sunny 

SUNDAY:

Sydney: 1017 Mostly Sunny 
Melbourne: 1017 Mostly Sunny 
Adelaide: 1024 Sunny 
Darwin: 1008 Sunny 
Perth: 1016 Partly Cloudy 
Brisbane: 1017 Raining 







1. What is the contour interval (sometimes abbreviated CI)? Convert to metric. 
20ft converted to 6.096m 
2. What is the scale of the map? Convert it into the metric system. 
1.6km to every cm 
3. What is the gradient of the line? Calculate in metric system. 
o.o1125m

Year 10: Urban Sprawl or Consolidation: Jordan Springs

1. Is this an example of urban consolidation or urban sprawl? Why?
This is an example of urban sprawl due to the non existing urban infrastructure of the area. they are creating a new suburb over natural occurring forestry and environment.  its also away from a major city (Sydney), spreading of urban areas. there is a low density housing, meaning there is a lot of homes for few people.
2. Do you think that this development is positive or negative for the surrounding community? For Sydney? For Australia?
This new development could be both a positive and a negative for Sydney. It could bring money into Sydney and increase the wealth of the city but also it could reduce amount of money that is currently coming into Sydney. With the new suburb it can introduce a new business aspect and transportation of goods. it also provides new jobs for people. but it also can be expensive due to the transport and ect, and by taking people and business man from Sydney it can lead to the eventual break down or decrease of the Infrastructure of Sydney. 

The Issue of Urban Sprawl

1. As a city’s population increases, the easy solution is to simply add more suburbs to the edge of the city to accommodate people. This causes the city to spread outwards in a process known as urban sprawl but does lead to the eventual cutting down or demolishing of forests and other natural habitats. 


2. land within the existing city’s boundary is developed with high-rise apartment complexes, town houses and villa developments, this is known as urban consolidation.


3. A highly urbanised country, is a country in which has a very high density, referring to the population and also doesn't have a very large natural influence.


4.
 i) the natural environment surrounding the city is depleted
ii) productive farmland that supplied fresh produce to the city is consumed by the new suburbs
iii) pollution problems increase.

5. The appealing characteristics of living on the coast have influenced the location of Australia's capital cities. All but one are located on the coast where most people prefer to live.

6. 

• a high population density

a high proportion of the population working in

manufacturing and/or professional or service-related

industries

• they are centres of business, trade, tourism,

entertainment and finance.

7. Australian cities have a very high population density compared to most other cities in the world as almost all of the population live in cities and not many live in the country towns and central Australia.

8.  One of the changing aspects of Australian cities is the movement towards higher population densities within the city. In a process known as urban consolidation, land within the existing city’s boundary is developed with high-rise apartment complexes, townhouses and villa developments. The advantage of this style of development is that the infrastructure like public transport, electricity and water supplies are already built for the developments—it means they are used more intensively. All Australian cities face the need to control urban sprawl and so are moving in the direction of urban consolidation.

9.  Urban planners have had to be innovative in their design of apartments and new estates to manage the impacts of population growth in cities. 

10. a. Melbourne

b. The amount of people per square kilometer

c. Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Wollongong, Perth, Gold Coast, Newcastle, Canberra, Brisbane, Gosford

d. 7/10

11. The residents will have complaints about the buildings blocking their view, their sunlight as well as lots of noise and inconvenient travel routes. The structures will make the community become densly populated therefore having longer lines at shops etc.

12. In houses you can have your own garden and private pool/spa as well as easy access in and out of your house. But apartments are usually seen as safer because they have better security systems to stop people entering the building.

• Define the following terms and include an example of each and explain how your example relates the word:
• 
  
• Aesthetics
a branch of philosphy dealing with the idea of looks. Commonly used today to describe how something looks
• Safety
• occurrence or risk of danger, injury or loss
• Slums
a thickly populated, run-down, squalid part of a city, inhabited by poor people
• Decay
to become decomposed
• Reconstruction and renewal
the act of starting to begin or construct once again
• Transport
to carry, move, or convey from one place to another
• Suburbanization
to give suburban characteristics to
• Environmental factors
factors that affect the environment
• Light and sound
light-something that makes things visible
sound-the sensation produced by stimulation of the organs of hearing by vibrations transmittedthrough the air or other medium.

7.8 questions 1-14 (excpet 11) :)

1. Stuarts Point, which is a small village located on the mid north coast of New South Wales.

2. 1970's - one of the first large-scale beach vegetation schemes in New South Wales was conducted on the sand dunes at Stuarts Point.

3. The local community is needed to help stabilise the sand dune system along with other councils and organisations in the surrounding area and by doing this the local community would help the fishing and tourism industries in the area.

4. The sand dune area at Stuarts point is important because it ensures that the fishing and tourism industries aren't affected and it also ensures that the sea doesn't breach the wall in severe storms like it has done a few times in the past, resulting in the destruction of property and other precious vegetation.

5. The main species of vegetation on the beachfront consists of grasses and creepers. the secondary species includes shrubs and short lived trees, highly adapted prolific re-seeders and fast growing plants. the tertiary species at the back of the beachfront includes long lived trees.

6. Having vegetation growing in and around the sand dunes, it traps the sand so it doesn't blow away and therefore cause problems with the over all development of the dunes. If there is a strong wind and there is no vegetation on the beachfront all the sand from the dunes will be taken from them, reducing them to a smaller size.  

7. Cattle grazing had a dramatic effect on the dune system as the cattle devoured the vegetation present on the dunes, this in tum allowed the wind to blow away the sand and heavy storms to overpower the weak  wall of sand.

8. Cattle grazing would have primarily destroyed all living vegetation in the sand dune. this would have allowed things like erosion to happen as the sand is now able to be lifted and blown away. as the sand wall now becomes increasingly fragile the heavy seas also slam against the wall of sand.

9. The groups involved in the rehabilitation program included the Department of Lands, the Department of Public Works, The Macleay Shire Council, and the Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales

10. The first step in the rehabilitation program was the use of machinary which would allow the people to form a small foredune. on top of this a dune-forming a fence was constructed to help trap the wind blown sand to help establish a foredune. the next stage involved the planting of trees along the riverbank to stabilise the western margin of the area. and finally, after the planting of the trees was completed, native seedlings were planted into the area between the fordune and the riverbank.

12. the geographical processes that would have caused the macleay river entrance to silt up in 1900 are refraction as the waves would need to bend around the mouth of the river. this would have caused the waves to clash and in turn would create a small underwater sand island over a period of time.

13. a) the stabilising of the sand dunes was extremely successful as the large foredune on the beachfront is now 3-4 metres high and is negligible.

 

b) the protection of the macleay river system is successful in some ways and not in others. the problem of silting and an unstable sand dune have been conquered but the revegetation project has now introduced a noxious weed known as biteau bush which runs the entire length of the foredune.

c) many groups in the local community have benefited from the revegetation project undertaken at Stuart's point. the community itself is now able to lead their usual lifestyles without worrying about the fishing and tourism industries as much as before. also the knowledge that this management strategy works is beneficial for every group that took a part in the revegetation project. this management strategy is now being used across New South Wales for the benefit of the environment and the surrounding ecosystem.